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專業(yè)英語

1. How many layers does the ISO/OSI mode have? (seven )

2. External devices are linked to a small computer system through (interfaces ).

3.CPU has only two fundamental sections: the arithmetic and logic unit and (the control unit ).

4. Objected-based logic models are used for (  describing data at the conceptual and view levels   )

5. arithmetic and logic unit executes instructions

6. Which is an simply the application of internet technology within an internal or closed group?(   intranet   )

7． CD-ROM belongs to (optical laser disk )

8. A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics and data

constraints is a (data model )

9.The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)reference model is based on a proposal developed by ( ISO  )

10. The software that allows one or many persons to use and/or modify this data is a (DBMS )

11. The physical components of a computer are collectively called   (hardware  ).

12.. The most popular processor interconnection topology is the (hypercube ).

13. The part of an instruction that tells the processor what to do is the (operand  ).

14. The part of an instruction that tells the processor what to do is the (operation code ).

15.The permanently useful data is stored in (  the ROM )

16. The interference that distorts electronic signals transmitted over a distance is called (noise ).

17. All functions in spreadsheets start with  (an equal sign  ).

18. An E-mail server can be considered as a (powerful operating system   )

19. A programming technique that allows you to view concepts as a variety of objects is called (object oriented programming )

20. The interference that distorts electronic signals transmitted over a distance is called (noise   ).

21. A program instruction or a piece of data is stored in a specific primary storage location called an (address )

22. A bus that is used to control the access to and the use of the data and address bus is called (control bus)

23. A location in memory is accessed by its (address  ).

24. A small piece of code that can be transported over the Internet and executed on the recipient’s machine. The sentence describes (applet  )

25. An E-mail server can be considered as a (high-configuration computer ) .

26. A protocol is a set of (regulations  ).

27. Which networks usually span tens of kilometers?( Metropolitan area  )

28. A computer system has input, output, storage, and (CPU  ).

29. All Intranet related documents are written in ( HTML  )

30. The WWW is based on which of the following standards? (client-server model )

31. WWW stand for World Wide Web

32. All functions in spreadsheets start with  (an equal sign ).

33. Programmers write (  source code ).

34. Primary storage  provides the CPU with temporary storage for programs and data

35. When a CPU needs the data to operate, it goes where first? (the cache ).

36. When hypertext pages are mixed with other media, the result is called(hypermedia )

37. The “brain” of a computer system is (CPU  )

38. A program instruction or a piece of data is stored in a specific primary storage location called an (address  )

39. The ISO/OSI mode has (seven  ) layers

40. What does a worksheet mean? (a working area framed by letters and numbers  )

41. Before typing in any data, a user needs to (select the cell).

42. A computer system has four parts, they are output, storage, processing components and (input  )

43. Another name for primary storage is (RAM ).

44. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is based on a proposal developed by (ISO ).

45. The basic output device on a small computer is a (display screen  ).

46. To prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system, the hardware was modified to create two models: (User mode and monitor mode )

47. A data model is a collection of conceptual tool for describing (data, data relationship, data semantics, data constraints  )

48. What kind of computer would apply several instructions to each datum it fetches form memory? (MISD )

49. What is a computer program? (a set of instructions )

50．A communication pathway connecting two or more devices is a (channel )

51. How many basic units do today's digital computers consist of? ( 4 )

52. LCD is based on  TFT 

53. Optical laser disk includes CD-ROM, magneto-optical disk and (WORM disk )

54. A special type of primary storage which cannot be altered by the programmer is called (ROM )

55.  A list of protocols used by a certain system , one protocol per layer, is called a (protocol stack )

56. The realization of the mobile internet relies on a new set of standards ,known as the (WAP )

57. What does A worksheet mean? (an EXCEL program )

58. How many different types of Entity relationships are there?(   4   )

59. What kind of computer would apply one instructions to each datum it fetches form memory? (SISD )

60．Cache memory is employed by computer designers to increase computer system (throughput )

61. The Central Processor has only two fundamental sections (the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit)

62. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is based on a proposal developed by (ISO ).

63. The basic output device on a small computer is a (display screen  ).

64. How many parts are there in URL? (3  )

65. All Intranet related documents are written in (HTML  )

66. A computer system has five parts, they are input, output, processing components , control unit and (storage ).

67. What does HTTP stand for? (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

68．How many record-based logical models are widely used ?(  3  )

69. How many different types of Entity relationships are there?(  4   )

70. Normally, how long does a user need to wait until his/her E-mail account is ready if he/she applies for it from an ISP ? (no time )

71. A bus that is used to designate the source or destination of the data on the data bus is called (  address bus )

72. . Output devices don’t include (scanner )

73.What does IC stand for? (Intelligent Circuit )

74.The software which acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware is (operating system )

75.The protocol which downloads files free of charge from thousands of computers around the globe is (FTP protocol )

76. Output devices don’t include (mouse )

77. Data and program instructions are stored in (memory ).

78. How many main categories of optical laser disks are there? (3 )

79. A protocol is a set of (regulations  ).

80. What is a set of programs that manipulate encoded knowledge to solve problems in a specialized domain that 81.normally requires human expertise? (Expert system )

82.. How many layers does the TCP/IP layering model have? (5 )

83.. Another name for primary storage is (RAM ).

84. How many basic operating system types are there? (3 ).

85.Which one can be rewritten? (U-DISK )

86.If an object inherits its attributes from a single parent, it is called(single inheritance )

87. The “brain” of a computer system is (CPU  )

88. How many classes are the data models divided into?(   3   )

89. What does the WWW stand for? (World Wide Web )

90. A computer system has five parts, they are input, output, storage, control unit and (processing components  ).

91.The way each object combines its member data and member functions into a single structure is called (Encapsulation )

92. The standard query language of relational database is (SQL   )

93. Creating the database and its table structure uses (  data definition  )

94. LCD is based on which of the following? (TFT )

1.class hierarchy類層次

2.XML可擴(kuò)展標(biāo)記語言

3.Intranet內(nèi)部網(wǎng)

4.data bus數(shù)據(jù)總線

5.Operating system操作系統(tǒng)

6.CAD計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)

7.Neural Networks  神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

8. topology analysis拓?fù)浞治?/p>

9.ADO  ActiveX數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象

10. multiprogramming 多道程序設(shè)計(jì)

11. ODBC 開放數(shù)據(jù)庫互連

12.VR 虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)

13.cache memory 高速緩沖存儲(chǔ)器

14.FTP文件傳輸協(xié)議

15.system bus系統(tǒng)總線

16. GUI 圖形用戶界面

17.ROM只讀存儲(chǔ)器

18.object-oriented programming面向?qū)ο缶幊?/p>

19.virtual reality虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)

20.主存 (Main memory )

21.調(diào)制解調(diào)器 (modem )

22.可編程只讀存儲(chǔ)器 (PROM   )

23. off-line operation  脫機(jī)操作

24.客戶端/服務(wù)器 (Client/Server   )

25.多媒體 (Multimedia   )

26.虛函數(shù) (virtual function   )

27. neural network   神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

28..VDT  視頻顯示終端

29.EDI  電子數(shù)據(jù)交換

30.CAM   計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造

31. RDBMS   關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)

32.database數(shù)據(jù)庫

33.RAM隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器

34.工具條 (  toolbar  )

35.統(tǒng)一資源定位符 ( URL   )

36.統(tǒng)一資源標(biāo)識(shí)符 ( URI   )

37.人工智能 (  Artificial Intelligence  )

38. KDD   數(shù)據(jù)庫中的知識(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)

39.面向?qū)ο?(Object Oriented   )

40.圖形用戶接口 (Graphical user interface   )

41.中央處理器 ( CPU   )

42.計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò) (  computer network  

43.國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)  (   Internet )

44.計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造 (  CAM  )

45.軟件工程 (software engineering)

46.視頻壓縮 (video compression   )

47.算術(shù)邏輯部件 ( ALU   )

48.計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用 (computer application   )

49.電子商務(wù) (Electronic Business   )

50.虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí) (virtual reality   )

51. EJB   企業(yè)Java Beans

52.圖形用戶接口(Graphical user interface   )

53.應(yīng)用編程接口 (API   )

54.視頻點(diǎn)播VOD

55. memory stick  記憶棒

56.傳輸控制協(xié)議/互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議 (  TCP/IP  )

57.萬維網(wǎng)( WWW   )

58.地理信息系統(tǒng)( GIS   )

59. RAP 快速應(yīng)用程序原型技術(shù)

60.只讀存儲(chǔ)器 (  ROM  )

61.系統(tǒng)軟件 (  system software  )

62.磁盤操作系統(tǒng) (DOS    )

63.結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言 (  SQL  )

64.虛擬專用網(wǎng) ( VPN   )

65.開放式系統(tǒng)互聯(lián) ( OSI   )

66.個(gè)人數(shù)字助理 (PDA   )

67. VLSI 超大規(guī)模集成電路

68.帶寬 (bandwidth   )

69.集成電路 (integrated circuit   )

70.結(jié)構(gòu)化編程 (Structured programming   )

71.復(fù)雜指令集計(jì)算機(jī) (   CISC )

72.短信消息服務(wù) (  SMS  )

73.PCI   外圍設(shè)備互連

74.. real time operating system  實(shí)時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)

75.OODBMS    面向?qū)ο蟮臄?shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)

76.abstract data type  抽象數(shù)據(jù)類型

CD-R recorders are used to duplicate CDs(  T  )

The system clock is the brain of a computer. (  F  )

Cache memory is much faster than RAM. (   T )

Internet resources are stored on Web servers. (  T  )

Windows 2000 is the first Windows operating system in a real sense.(  F  )

We can view an operating system as a resource manager. (   T )

You can connect 255 devices to a computer by USB. (   F )

The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. (  F  )

Keyboard and mouse are both the input devices of the computer. (  T  )

Cache memory is more expensive than RAM.(   T )

Both the user names and the passwords must be unique for E-mail accounts.( F   )

ALU is one of the components of CPU.(  T  )

JAVA is a Object-Oriented programming language.(  T  )

You can connect 120 devices to a computer by USB. (   T)

PROM is the abbreviation of portable read –only memory. (  F  )

Buffering is an approach to improving system performance. (T    )

Microsoft Windows 2000 is an operating system of the computer. ( T   )

PCI is a popular low-bandwidth bus. ( F   )

Printer is the input device of the computer. (  F  )

The system clock sends out pulses regularly. ( T   )

FTP is a protocol of the computer network. (  T  )

HTTP stands for High Transportation Port. ( F   )

A cache runs as fast as a RAM. (  F  )

CPU has only one fundamental section: the control unit. (  F  )

Hard disks and floppies operate in different ways. ( F   )

Cache memory is much faster than RAM. ( T   )

VDT stands for video display terminal. (  T  )

System bus provides a path for moving data between system modules. ( F   )

CD-ROM stands for compact disk read-only memory. (  T  )

The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. (  F  )

Buffering is an approach to improving system performance. ( T   )

WWW stands for World Wide Web. (   T )

There 3 main categories of optical laser disks: CD-ROM, DVD and VCD. (  F  )

You can connect 255 devices to a computer by USB. (  F  )

JAVA is a Object-Oriented programming language. ( T   )

An OS is the software which acts as an interface between a user and a computer. ( T   )

Buffering is an approach to improving system performance. (  T  )

Microsoft SQL server 2000 is an operating system of the computer. ( F  )

Microsoft Office 2003 is operating system software. ( F   )

FTP is a protocol of the computer network. ( T   )

The Web browser is used to display the data stored on the Internet. (  T  )

PCI is a popular low-bandwidth bus. (F    )

A buffer's capacity is low and price is high, and it runs as fast as a RAM. ( F   )

Primary storage provides CPU with temporary storage for programs and data. (T)

The wide of the bus is also called the "word length". (  T  )

The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. (  F  )

A CPU includes the ALU and the controller. (   T )

MS-DOS refers to Microsoft Disk Operating System. (  T  )

CD-R recorders are used to duplicate CDs (  T  )

You can connect 255 devices to a computer by USB. (  F  )

Cache memory is much faster than RAM. ( T   )

Printer is the I/O device of the computer. ( T   )

DVD provides CPU with temporary storage for programs and data. (F    )

JAVA is a structured programming language. (  F  )

C is an Object-Oriented programming language. ( F   )

Internet resources are stored on Web servers. (  T  )

You can connect 127 devices to a computer by USB. (  T  )

MS Office 2000 is the first Windows operating system in a real sense. ( F   )

We can view an operating system as a output hardware. (   T )

PDA is one of the components of CPU. ( F   )

The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. (F    )

Keyboard and mouse are both the input devices of the computer. ( T   )

Cache memory is less expensive than RAM.(   F )

The user name must be unique for E-mail accounts. (  T  )

ALU is one of the components of CPU. ( T   )

Keyboard and mouse are both the input devices of the computer. ( T   )

PCI is a popular low-bandwidth bus. (  F  )

The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. (  F  )

You can connect 255 devices to a computer by USB. (  F  )

We can view an OS as a resource manager. (  T  )

Windows 95 is the first Windows operating system in a real sense. ( T   )

CD-R recorders can be used to duplicate CDs(  T  )

Microsoft Office 2003 is an operating system software. (  F  )

WWW stands for World Wide Web. (  T  )

Buffering is an approach to improving system performance. ( T   )

PROM is the abbreviation of portable read –only memory. ( T   )

ROM is the abbreviation of read of memory. ( F   )

Hard disk provides CPU with temporary storage for programs and data. (F    )

MS-DOS is a Object-Oriented programming language. ( F   )

OS is the software which acts as an interface between a user and a computer. ( T   )

MS Windows 2000 is a hardware component of computer. (  F  )

FTP is not a protocol of the computer network. ( F   )

C++ language is a structured programming language. (  F  )

Linux is an operating system. (  T  )

To format a floppy means that magnetic areas are created. (  T  )

A scanner belongs to the output device. ( F   )

URL is used to locate Internet resources. (   T )

E-mail is a method of sending and receiving messages on the Internet. (   F )

HTML is used to write Web pages.(   T)

CD-Rrecorders are used to duplicate CD(  T  )

XML is used to write Web pages.(  F  )

The CPU is the brain of a computer( T   )

Cache memory is as fast as RAM. ( T   )

C++ language is a structured programming language.(  F  )

Linux is an operating system. (  T  )

HTTP is used to locate Internet resources. (   F )

PCI is abbreviation of peripheral component interconnect.(  T  )

A U-disk belongs to the output device.(  T  )

E-mail is a method of sending and receiving messages on the Internet.  (  F  )

    Thread         is sometimes called lightweight process.

A collection that stores objects of the same data type is referred to as a  homogeneous         collection.

A    virus scanner           is a program that is designed to check an entire computer system for known viruses or suspicious activity.

A stack  is a list of items that are accessible at only one end of the list.

    Electronic Business         is the integration of IT and particularly the Internet into business processes to change organizations and create new ones.

3. Cache memory is employed by computer designers to increase the computer system   throughput     .

4.The operating system acts as the  manager   of system resources and allocates them to specific programs and users as necessary for their tasks.

8.   Hubs   can be categorized as either CSMA/CD or full-duplex  repeaters.

    Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)     is the technical term applied to a network system that uses multiple carrier frequencies to allow independent signals to travel through a medium.

The    Unified Modeling Language(UML)          is a graphical language for visualizing , specifying , constructing , and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system.

  Data query    uses a set of commands to explore the database contents and allows the user to convert the raw data into useful information.

9. Another important object-oriented concept that relates to the class hierarchy is that common messages can be sent to the parent class objects and all derived subclass objects. In formal terms, this is called   polymorphism  .

10.An    entity    is an object , which can be uniquely distinguished from other objects.

6.Remote teleworkers also have the option to have an ISDN line installed to their home or office , linking them to the corporate Intranet via a local   internet service provider(ISP)      .

11. In predicate calculus , each   predicate    is given a name , which is followed by the list of arguments.

12. Virtual functions utilize a table for   address     information.

13.The MAC sublayer defines the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection              protocol , which made Ethernet famous.

14.Pages are viewed with a      browser       .

15. An expert system’s knowledge is obtained from expert   sources and coded in a form suitable for the system to use in its inference or reasoning processes.

16.    Windows managers         manage the devices used to exchange information between applications and users.

17.    Methods   are similar to the functions of procedure-oriented programming.

 The C++ class actually serves as a   template   or pattern for creating objects.

18. The  private  section of a class limits the availability of data or methods to the class itself.

19.  Flash memory    is intermediate between EPROM and EEPROM in bith cost and functionality.

20.   Inheritance  in object-oriented programming allows a class to inherit properties from a class of objects.

21.The   Entity-Relationship model(E-R model)        is based on a perception of a real world which consists of objects called entities and relationships among these objects.

22.Linux is an     operating system         , which acts as a communication service between the hardware and the software of a computer system.

23.   Spooling     provides a pool of jobs which have been read and waiting to be run.

24.    Data management   uses a set of commands to enter , correct , delete , and update data within the database tables.

25. The pattern of the oscillation is called a   waveform   .

26.  Moore  observed that the number of transistors that could be put on a single chip was doubling every year and 27. To reduce design complexity , most networks are organized as a series of layer( levels)   , each one built upon the one below it.

28.correctly predicted that this pace would continue into the near future.

In each of these statements , there is a list of individuals , which is given by the argument list , together with phrases that describe certain relations among or properties of the individuals mentioned in the argument list.

在每個(gè)陳述中有一個(gè)用變?cè)斫o出的個(gè)體表，以及描述變?cè)碇心切﹤€(gè)體間的關(guān)系或性質(zhì)的一些短語。

2. Another reason commonly given that languages like Lisp, TCL, and Smalltalk are good for prototyping is that they don’t require you to pin down decisions early on------ these languages are semantically rich.

一般認(rèn)為像Lisp、TCL和Smalltalk這樣一些語言十分適合于原型法的另一理由，是因?yàn)樗鼈儾灰竽闶茉缙跊Q定的約束-----這些語言的語義是很豐富的。

3.We have systems which can see well enough to “recognize” objects from photographs , video cameras and other sensors.

現(xiàn)在有些系統(tǒng)的視覺好得足以“識(shí)別”照片上、攝象機(jī)和其他傳感器拍攝得圖像上得物體。

4. In the meantime , the lure of a cheaper and easier-to-maintain intranet infrastructure brought about by the use of a relatively standard Web client has many IS managers enthusiastic about using Web browsers.

同時(shí)，在通過使用比較報(bào)紙的Web客戶機(jī)而帶來的較便宜、較易維護(hù)的內(nèi)部網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的誘惑下，許多信息系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)理對(duì)使用Web瀏覽器很熱情。

5. Work parts are automatically loaded at central locations on to the handling system and are routed to the  proper machine tools.

工作部件被自動(dòng)地裝在處理系統(tǒng)的中心位置，并經(jīng)由指定路線傳送給適當(dāng)?shù)臋C(jī)床。

6.In each of these statements , there is a list of individuals , which is given by the argument list , together with phrases that describe certain relations among or properties of the individuals mentioned in the argument list.

在每個(gè)陳述中有一個(gè)用變?cè)斫o出的個(gè)體表，以及描述變?cè)碇心切﹤€(gè)體間的關(guān)系或性質(zhì)的一些短語。

7. Even though one can argue that all programs exhibit some degree of intelligence , an AI program will go beyond this in demonstrating a high level of intelligence to a degree that equals or exceeds the intelligence required of a human in performing some task.

即使有人可能爭(zhēng)辯說，所有程序都顯示出某種程度得智能，但AI程序?qū)⒊^它，AI程序表現(xiàn)出高的智能等于或超過了人在完成某個(gè)任務(wù)中所需的智能。

8.Geographic information systems are one of the fastest growing business applications and later this decade may be as common as word processing software and spreadsheet applications.

地理信息系統(tǒng)是發(fā)展最快的事物應(yīng)用軟件之一，這十年后期它會(huì)像字處理軟件和電子表格應(yīng)用軟件一樣普及。

Warehouse data is often gathered from sources throughout an enterprise , including different applications , databases , and computer systems , and is likely to be fragmented and inconsistent.

數(shù)據(jù)倉庫數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)常是從整個(gè)企業(yè)的各種來源收集的，包括不同的應(yīng)用、數(shù)據(jù)庫與計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)等，因而可能是支離破碎和不一致的。

10. To transport a CAD system running in one operating system to another operating system is not as trivial as recompiling the software.

把在一個(gè)操作系統(tǒng)上運(yùn)行的CAD移植到另一個(gè)不同的操作系統(tǒng)上，并不像重編譯該軟件那樣簡(jiǎn)單。

11.All users see the same image; thus, other team members view the scene from an incorrect perspective with the resulting distortion depending upon differences in location within the immersive room.

所有用戶看到的是同一個(gè)圖像；因而，小組其他一些成員從不恰當(dāng)?shù)囊朁c(diǎn)觀察該景象，所產(chǎn)生的失真取決于在沉浸室內(nèi)位置上的差異。

12.A handheld’s constraints（局限性） mean that it’s usually impossible to directly port a desktop application to a wireless handheld device. For the same reasons, it’s difficult to directly access most Web sites with a handheld device. Web applications are traditionally designed based on the assumption that visitors will have a desktop computer with a large screen and a mouse.

手持設(shè)備的局限性意味著它通常不能直接把臺(tái)式應(yīng)用程序移植到無線手持設(shè)備上，出于同樣的理由，用手持設(shè)備直接訪問多數(shù)Web站點(diǎn)也很困難。Web應(yīng)用程序傳統(tǒng)上是基于訪問者擁有帶大屏幕和鼠標(biāo)的臺(tái)式計(jì)算機(jī)這樣的假設(shè)而設(shè)計(jì)的。

13.A new concept called the Storage Area Network(SAN)（存儲(chǔ)區(qū)域網(wǎng)絡(luò)）could offer an answer to the increasing amount of data that needs to be stored in an enterprise network environment. By implementing a SAN, users can offload storage traffic from daily network operations while establishing a direct connection between storage elements and servers.

對(duì)需要在企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境中存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)量越來越大的問題，一種稱之為存儲(chǔ)區(qū)域網(wǎng)絡(luò)(SAN)的新概念可能提供了一個(gè)答案。通過實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)SAN，用戶可以在存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備與服務(wù)器之間建立直接連接的同時(shí)，把存儲(chǔ)傳輸負(fù)荷從日常網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作中分出來。

14. A Storage Area Network（SAN，存儲(chǔ)區(qū)域網(wǎng)） does not need to be a physically separate network, either. It can be a dedicated sub-network, carrying only the business-critical I/O traffic between servers and storage devices. A SAN, for example, would not carry general-purpose traffic such as e-mail or other end-user applications. This type of net avoids the unacceptable trade-offs inherent in a single network for all applications

SAN不需要在物理上是一個(gè)單獨(dú)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。它可以是一個(gè)專用的子網(wǎng)，只在服務(wù)器與存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備之間傳輸關(guān)鍵業(yè)務(wù)I/O信息。例如，SAN不傳送通用意義上的信息，如電子郵件或其它最終用戶應(yīng)用程序。這類網(wǎng)絡(luò)避免了單一網(wǎng)絡(luò)中固有的不能接受的拆衷

15. Plug and Play(即插即用)——basically a set of PC architecture specifications---is an effort by hardware and software vendors to design intelligence into PCs to handle installation and configuration tasks automatically and without user intervention.

With a plug-and-play system, users can install devices into or remove them from a desktop or mobile PC; dock and undock desktop PCs from a network; and optimally configure the system for different applications without modifying configuration parameters or expansion-card jumper settings.

即插即用——基本上是一組PC機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)范，是一種由軟硬件廠商將智能設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)PC機(jī)的工作，以便自動(dòng)地和無須用戶干預(yù)地處置安裝與配置任務(wù)。

有了即插即用系統(tǒng)，用戶就能把設(shè)備裝進(jìn)或移出臺(tái)式或移動(dòng)式PC機(jī)，使臺(tái)式PC機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)或脫網(wǎng);以及為不同應(yīng)用最佳地配置系統(tǒng)而無須修改配置參數(shù)或擴(kuò)展卡的跳線裝置等。

16.IPV6——the next-generation networking protocol——promises to change the way corporate networks and the Internet work.IPv6 (also referred to as IPng or ,simply,v6)will eliminate some of IPv4's shortcomings that have appeared as a result of the global Internet explosion.IPv6 is a much-needed improvement, promising easier-to-obtain IP addresses, cheaper and faster routing, and such features as quality of service(QOS, 服務(wù)質(zhì)量) and encryption（加密）.

IPv6——下一代的連網(wǎng)協(xié)議，有希望改變公司網(wǎng)絡(luò)和因特網(wǎng)的工作方式。IPv6也叫做IPng，或簡(jiǎn)稱v6，將消除IPv4因全球因特網(wǎng)爆炸性發(fā)展而帶來的某些缺點(diǎn)。IPv6是一項(xiàng)非常需要的改進(jìn)，它許諾更容易獲得IP地址，更快更便宜建立路由以及具有較好的服務(wù)質(zhì)量(QOS)和加密等特點(diǎn)。

17. RISC processors, because they are software-programmable, provide the flexibility to adapt to the rapidly evolving data communications market. However, they lack ASIC-level performance because of their generalized(歸一化的) architectures. ASICs solve the performance problem but can take 12 to 18 months to develop; require scarce, specialized engineering talent to implement; and have fixed functionality. Modifying an ASIC can cost six to nine months in time-to-market and, even worse, can force forklift upgrades on customers who own equipment based on out-of-date silicon(硅).

RISC處理器由于是可編程的，故提供了靈活性，以適應(yīng)快速發(fā)展的數(shù)據(jù)通信市場(chǎng)。然而，由于它們采用歸一化的體系結(jié)構(gòu)，故缺乏ASIC檔次的性能。ASIC解決了性能問題，但要花12至18個(gè)月時(shí)間來開發(fā)，并需要不多見的專門工程人才來具體實(shí)現(xiàn)，同時(shí)具備固定不變的功能性。修改ASIC可能要以推遲6至9個(gè)月產(chǎn)品上市的時(shí)間為代價(jià)。更有甚者，可能強(qiáng)迫擁有基于過時(shí)硅電設(shè)備的客戶升級(jí)。

18. Hand-held devices（手持設(shè)備） are more limited than desktop computers in several important ways. Their screens are small——perhaps a few inches square or able to display only a few lines of text-and they’re often monochrome instead of color. Their input capabilities are limited to a few buttons or numbers, or entering data takes extra time, as happens with a personal digital assistant’s (PDA) handwriting-recognition capabilities. They have less processing power and memory to work with, and their wireless network connections have less bandwidth and are slower than those of computers hard-wired to fast LANs.

手持設(shè)備在多個(gè)重要的方面比臺(tái)式計(jì)算機(jī)更受限制。它們的屏幕很小——也許只有幾平方英寸或者只能顯示幾行文本信息，它們常常是單色的而不是彩色的。它們的輸入功能局限于幾個(gè)按鍵或數(shù)字鍵，或者像個(gè)人數(shù)字助理(PDA)手寫體識(shí)別功能那樣，輸入數(shù)據(jù)要花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，它們所擁有的工作處理能力和內(nèi)存都較小。比起那些通過計(jì)算機(jī)硬連線與快速局域網(wǎng)相連的連接，它們的無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接帶寬較窄，速度也較慢。

19. Digital subscriber line technology comes in a bewildering variety of flavors, but they all have one thing in common——they use various modulation techniques to turn those plodding "last mile" loops of copper between the customer premises and the telco's(電信公司) central office into high-speed data and voice carriers. Most of the focus has been on ADSL(asymmetric digital subscriber line),which delivers rates of 32 Kbps to 8.192 Mbps downstream, and 32 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream to the network, while providing phone service at the same time on the same line.

數(shù)字用戶環(huán)路(DSL)技術(shù)有幾種令人疑惑的不同變種，但它們都有一樣公共的東西——它們用不同的調(diào)制技術(shù)，把用戶房屋和電話公司的中心局之間低速的"最后一英里"銅線回路變成高速的數(shù)據(jù)和話音的載體。(人們)注意力多數(shù)集中在ADSL(不對(duì)稱數(shù)字用戶環(huán)路)上，它給出32K至8.192Mbps的下行速度和32K至1.088Mbps的上行速度，同時(shí)在同一線路上提供電話服務(wù)。

20. But even without a new OS, these features can be utilized. Leveraging Windows' driver model, specialty vendors will offer drivers that can fully exploit these integrated features. Thus providing dramatically improved——or arguably, finally usable-video and speech capabilities. Of course, this Pentium-Windows chasm provides an opportunity for other operating system vendors such as Red Hat and Be Inc. That is assuming that they can react like the Microsoft of old.

但即使沒有新的OS，也能利用這些特性。通過利用Windows的驅(qū)動(dòng)程序模型，專業(yè)公司將提供全面利用這些內(nèi)在特性的驅(qū)動(dòng)程序，從而提供戲劇性改進(jìn)了的——或者還有爭(zhēng)議，但最終能使用的視頻與語音功能。當(dāng)然，這場(chǎng)Pentium-Windows的角逐為其它的操作系統(tǒng)公司，如Red Hat公司和Be公司提供了機(jī)會(huì)。這是假設(shè)他們能像過去的微軟公司那樣工作。

21. Given the relative quickness of software development, one would think that software solutions would lead the computing agenda for many years. But as software delays have become more profound and commonplace, hardware-featured solutions are beginning to offer better solutions than their software counterparts. And given the improving capabilities of hardware development, hardware vendors will become the clear leader in this race.

在假設(shè)軟件開發(fā)較快的情況下，人們會(huì)認(rèn)為軟件方案將在計(jì)算領(lǐng)域獨(dú)領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷許多年，但隨著軟件開發(fā)的延遲變得更嚴(yán)重、更常見，以硬件為特色的方案開始優(yōu)于同類軟件方案。在硬件開發(fā)能力得到改進(jìn)的情況下，硬件廠家將在這場(chǎng)競(jìng)賽中明顯領(lǐng)先。

22. Linux是不是像Windows那樣太大以及需要系統(tǒng)資源太多，以致于不能滿足嵌入式系統(tǒng)的約束要求呢？與Windows不同，Linux本來就是模塊化的，并且能夠很容易縮減成緊縮配置，這種配置幾乎與DOS差不多大，甚至能放到一張軟盤上。此外，因?yàn)長(zhǎng)inux源碼是免費(fèi)可用的，所以可以按照獨(dú)特的嵌入式系統(tǒng)要求改編該操作系統(tǒng)。

這樣，并不令人驚奇，開放源代碼Linux已經(jīng)建立了一個(gè)新的操作系統(tǒng)開發(fā)和支持范例，在那里數(shù)以千計(jì)的開發(fā)人員繼續(xù)貢獻(xiàn)于不斷發(fā)展的Linux代碼庫。此外，幾十家面向Linux的軟件公司已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)----它們熱切支持那些為建立從工廠自動(dòng)化到智能設(shè)備范圍很廣的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)人員的需求。

Is Linux , like Windows , too large and demanding of system resources to fit the constraints of embedded system? Unlike Windows , Linux is inherently modular and can be easily scaled into compact configurations ,barely larger than DOS ,that can even fit on a single floppy. What’s more, since Linux source code id freely available, it’s possible to customize the OS according to unique embedded system requirements.

It’s not surprising, then, that open source Linux has created a new OS development and support paradigm wherein thousands of developers continually contribute to a constantly evolving Linux code base. In addition, dozens of Linux-oriented software companies have sprung up eager to support the needs of developers building a wide range of applications, ranging from factory to intelligent appliances.

23. 對(duì)許多嵌入式系統(tǒng)，為了適應(yīng)諸如RAM、固態(tài)盤、處理機(jī)速度，以及功耗的約束，嵌入的Linux的主要任務(wù)是，使系統(tǒng)所需的資源最小。嵌入式操作可能需要從一個(gè)芯片盤或緊湊閃存固態(tài)盤上自舉；或者自舉和運(yùn)行在沒有顯示器和鍵盤的環(huán)境，或經(jīng)由以太網(wǎng)連接，從遠(yuǎn)程設(shè)備裝入應(yīng)用程序。

現(xiàn)成的小Linux有許多來源，其中有日益增多的面向應(yīng)用的Linux配置和分發(fā)版，這些都被修改成適用于特定的應(yīng)用。例如路由器、防火墻、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)/網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備、網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器、網(wǎng)關(guān)等。

你也可選擇建立你自己喜歡的嵌入式Linux，從一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分發(fā)版開始，略去不要的模塊。雖然如此，還應(yīng)該考慮從別人的工作配置基礎(chǔ)上開始你的工作，因?yàn)樗麄兊陌姹镜脑创a可用于那個(gè)目的。最好的是，這種在別人努力的成果上建立系統(tǒng)，在Linux團(tuán)體中不僅是完全合法的，也被鼓勵(lì)。

For many embedded systems , the main challenge in embedding Linux is to minimize system resource requirements in order to fit within constraints such as ,RAM solid state disk(SSD), processor speed, and power consumption . Embedded operation may require booting from a DiskOnChip or CompactFlash SSD ; or booting and running without a display and keyboard ; or loading the application from a remote device via an Ethernet LAN connection.

There are many resources of ready-made small foot-print Linux. Included among these are a growing number of application-oriented Linux configurations and distributions that are tuned to specific applications. Some examples are routers, firewalls ,internet/network appliances ,network servers ,gateways ,etc.

You may also opt to create your own flavor of embedded Linux ,starting from a standard distribution and leaving out modules you don’t need. Even so ,you should consider jump-starting your efforts by beginning with someone else’s working configuration ,since the source code of their version will be available for that purpose . Best of all ,this sort of building on the efforts of others in the Linux community is not only completely legal but also encouraged!

24.一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)可以是開發(fā)交互式程序變換系統(tǒng)，它幫助程序員把程序并行化并提供反饋和指導(dǎo)。這種想法的問題是半自動(dòng)化程序變換實(shí)現(xiàn)辦法仍然是現(xiàn)行研究的對(duì)象，甚至對(duì)于順序程序也是。在中期內(nèi)，導(dǎo)出實(shí)際的并行程序的、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量變換程序未必可能出現(xiàn)。傳統(tǒng)的方法是講授一些算法，然后用具有明顯并行性的程序設(shè)計(jì)語言明確地表達(dá)它們。這很可能是更成功的，特別是因?yàn)橐阎囊恍┎⑿兴惴ǖ闹饕糠趾艽螅⑶以谘杆俚卦鲩L(zhǎng)。初步跡象表明，倘若語言與支持工具充分的話，書寫并行軟件不比書寫順序軟件顯著地更困難。

A long tem goal could be to develop interactive program transformation systems that assist programmers in parallelizing programs and provide feedback and guidance. The problem with this idea is that the approach of semiautomatic program transformations is still an object of active research, even for sequential programs. In the medium terms, a production-quality transformer for deriving realistic, parallel programs is unlikely to appear. The traditional method of teaching algorithms is likely to be more successful, especially since the body of known parallel algorithms is large and growing rapidly. Initial indications seem to be that writing parallel software is not significantly harder than writing sequential software, provided the languages and support tools are adequate.